ABSTRACT
Millions persons around the world are being associated with serious respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2 recognized as COVID-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vitamin D deficiency also increased the chance COVID-19infections. Vitamin D works in the large number of functions for the human body alongside respiratory and immune system. Vitamin D does a significant mission in the advancement of COVID-19 infectious disease through immune responses involving HLA-DR, CD38, CD8, and CD4. Vitamin D intake in people with HIV/AIDS can help lower inflammatory responses, stimulate cognitive func-tions, and lead to increased immunity against contagious diseases. As Vitamin D income rises, it will decrease the risk of illness with the COVID-19 virus. Vitamin D can lessen the chance of infection as a re-sult of SARS-CoV-2. Individuals at stake of influenza and/or COVID-19 are recommended to consume 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 daily within two weeks to maximize vitamin D concentrations immediately preceded by 5,000 IU/d of vitamin D daily, in order to maintain hygiene purposes. Vitamin D consump-tion may help elderly who are extremely limited in vitamin D. In this essay, the communication among both Vitamin D and COVID-19 is discussed.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represented as a global pandemic which mainly happened due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), viral affected huge numbers of individuals all around the world. Besides the viral morbidity and mortality, the economy and health care system have also been significantly strained due to high viral transmission. COVID-19 virus is known as a virus of pneumonia which causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and may be alife threatening. There was evidence supposed that the virus affected the cardiovascular system significantly via its direct damage to the myocardium, acute systemic inflammatory restraint, hypoxia, a right strain of the heart due to acute respiratory distress syndrome and injury of the lung, also rupture of the plaque due to inflammation. Essential cardiac manifestations showed acute myocarditis, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and showed thrombosis. Many accepted documents have been done that support the management of cardiovascular disease due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this review study is to explain the cardiovascular system damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 with precise comprehensions for the underlying mechanisms to create a liable management approach for these patients.
ABSTRACT
Researchers have tried many therapeutic agents in their experimental studies since the first pandemic time of COVID-19;these studies have been virus-based or host-based. Major therapeutics agent’s regimens evaluated in this review. Antiviral agents such as remdesivir, and Umifenovir should be used before the viral peak of replication to obtain the best clinical outcome. Dexamethasone is FDA approved in the treatment of certain cases of Covid-19. Immunoglobulin, and Interferon effectiveness in the treatment of this pandemic disease is not clear due to inconsistent outcomes data obtained in many studies. Several studies that used chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as a therapeutic agent in COVID-19 showed that these agents have in vitro inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2, but failed to show a significant effect in many clinical studies. For patients who develop cytokine storm the interleukine-6 inhibitors like Tocilizumab could be effective.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious viral disease that emerged in late 2019 and rapidly deployed globally, Jordon as the most countries of the world has been affected and suffered from COVID-19 Pandemic, In the current study, we track the SARS-CoV-2 mutation and evolution, through conducting multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis for isolated strains in Jordan. Twenty-one amino acid sequences of SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome and their Spike protein were used in the phylogenetic analysis and alignment. Amino acid sequences were selected from 28 Jordanian isolates retrieved from the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) (https://www.gisaid.org/). These sequences were analyzed in comparison with SARS-CoV-2 isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 (Reference strain) using the BLAST tool, MAFFT online server, Guidance, BioEdit and CoVsurver Application for detection the mutations, phylogenetic analysis and multiple alignments. It was found that the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome not more than 0.07% from reference strain while the spike protein variant not more than 0.08%, it was detected numerous of mutations (N_G204R;N_M234I;N_R203K;N_S190I;N_S202N;N_T205I;NS3_G251V;NS3_Q57H;NS3_S171L;NS7a_F59del;NS7a_Q62del;NS7a_R80stop;NS7a_S60del;NS7a_T61del;NS8_L84S;NSP12_P323L;NSP2_I559V;NSP2_P125S;NSP2_P585S;NSP2_S32L;NSP2_T153M;NSP2_T85I;NSP3_N1587S;NSP3_P1103L;NSP3_P1484S;NSP6_ins37F;NSP6_L37F;NSP6_M86I;Spike_D1139Y;Spike_D614G;Spike_G1167S;Spike_Y145del), the most significant mutation is Spike_D614G which is spike protein structure, and it was found in 61.9 % of SARS-CoV-2 Jordanian isolates.These evolved variants of SARS-CoV-2 likelihood increasing transmissibility or pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection;thus, tackling this pandemic requires consideration of evolved variants of SARS-CoV-2 in vaccine development and current vaccine efficacy trials.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)via the coronavirus receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the host cell to facilitate entry into the lungs Over activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the down regulation of ACE2 expression are involved in SARS-CoV induced lung injury. RAS is the main system that has a regulatory roleinmaintaining electrolyte balance, blood pressure, vascular tone and cardiovascular remodeling in the body. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and Inhibitors (ACEIs) are vital medications that are widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The question which now arises is: It is possible to continue using either ARBs or ACEIsor both medications in patients with SARS-CoV2? Both ARBs and ACEIs can facilitate COVID-19 entry into the host cell due to increase expression of ACE2. On the other hand, ARBs have a greater potential to reduce downstream pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV2 via different cell signaling pathways including free radical generation, up regulation of NF-κB pathway, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and pro-apoptotic protein by blocking the renin-angiotensin system more severely compared to the effect of ACEIs. The current hypothesis is that ARBs can perform better therapeutically compared to ACEIs in respiratory disorders such as ARDS which is induced by viral infection especially since more than 40 % of angiotensin II can be synthesized by other enzymes such as chymase, cathepsin. ARBs treatment can increase the levels of both angiotensin II (Ang II) and the ACE2 enzyme making Ang II a target substrate for hydrolysis by ACE2 into Ang 1-7 which in turn exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant activities. These effects are achieved by the binding of Ang 1-7 to both angiotensin-type 2 receptor (AT2) and receptor mas' axis (Mas) and also by its ability to block Ang II/AT1 receptor-induced TLR4/MyD88 signaling thereby highlighting the potential therapeutic use of ARB sin preventing injury induced by COVID-19 virus. It is concluded that patients who are already on ARBs medications must continue to use them daily since ARBs have protective effects against COVID-19 virus. Moreover, ARB sexert their beneficial effects via their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic properties. On the other hand, those patients who are on ACEIs medications must change to other safe drugs since ACEIs can facilitate an increase in COVID-19 virus entry into the body as well as reducing levels and protecting effect of Ang 1-7. © 2020 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.